Architecture Styles
Monolith vs Microservices: When to Split
A decision framework for choosing between a modular monolith and microservices — and the signals that tell you it is time to split.
A well-structured modular monolith is the right default for most products. It is simpler to deploy, debug, and refactor. The signals that make splitting worthwhile are specific and operational: independent team deployment cadence (one team blocks another's releases), independent scaling requirements (one component needs 100× the resources of the rest), or isolated failure domains (one subsystem must keep running when another is down).
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Dependency Injection and IoC Containers
Invert control of dependency creation to keep classes decoupled from their collaborators and trivially testable.
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The Observer Pattern and Event-Driven Design
Decouple publishers from subscribers by letting objects register interest in events without the producer knowing who is listening.
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The Strategy Pattern: Encapsulating Algorithms
Define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable — open for extension, closed for modification.